XP-rience

Something that I'd like to share with you!

Saturday, May 09, 2020

Linux dd multiple partitions into single image file

leorick Saturday, May 09, 2020 , , , No comments :

For example, USB 1 drive with 3 partitions to be written into a single image file.
List block devices

[root@localhost ddtest]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1  244M  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   1   30M  0 part /run/media/root/datapartition2
├─sdb2   8:18   1   40M  0 part /run/media/root/datapartition
└─sdb3   8:19   1   50M  0 part /run/media/root/datapartition1

/dev/sdb1,2,3 = 30M,40M,50M in size
Umount them

[root@localhost ddtest]# umount /dev/sdb*

Confirm again

[root@localhost ddtest]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1  244M  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   1   30M  0 part
├─sdb2   8:18   1   40M  0 part
└─sdb3   8:19   1   50M  0 part

Fdisk the drive to find its last partition end sector

root@localhost ddtest]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 255 MB, 255852544 bytes, 499712 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf4f4f4f4

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048       63487       30720   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2           63488      145407       40960   83  Linux
/dev/sdb3          145408      247807       51200   83  Linux

Calculate dd count over 1MB with formula below
(<last partition end sector> + 1) / 2048
For this USB we have (247807 + 1) / 2048 = 121

Now dd the whole /dev/sdb to test.iso with count of 121 times of 1MBytes

[root@localhost ddtest]# dd if=/dev/sdb of=test.iso bs=1M count=121 status="progress" conv=sync,noerror
121+0 records in
121+0 records out
126877696 bytes (127 MB) copied, 37.6761 s, 3.4 MB/s

Check the test.iso file size

[root@localhost ddtest]# ls -alh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 121M May  8 23:37 test.iso

Test the ISO file by restoring the ISO to another USB drive.
Plug out USB 1 and plug in USB 2 and check lsblk

[root@localhost ddtest]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1  3.7G  0 disk

Dd the test.iso file to /dev/sdb

[root@localhost ddtest]# dd if=test.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=1M conv=sync,noerror
121+0 records in
121+0 records out
126877696 bytes (127 MB) copied, 25.2433 s, 5.0 MB/s

Check lsblk again

[root@localhost ddtest]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1  3.7G  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   1   30M  0 part
├─sdb2   8:18   1   40M  0 part
└─sdb3   8:19   1   50M  0 part

Now we have 3 partitions restored identical to USB 1
Try to mount and check partition content

[root@localhost ddtest]# mount /dev/sdb1 1
[root@localhost ddtest]# mount /dev/sdb2 2
[root@localhost ddtest]# mount /dev/sdb3 3
[root@localhost ddtest]# ls 1
WinSCP-5.17.5-Setup.exe
[root@localhost ddtest]# ls 2
WinSCP-5.17.5-Setup.exe
[root@localhost ddtest]# ls 3
WinSCP-5.17.5-Setup.exe

Check  lsblk

[root@localhost ddtest]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1  3.7G  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   1   30M  0 part /root/Desktop/temp/ddtest/1
├─sdb2   8:18   1   40M  0 part /root/Desktop/temp/ddtest/2
└─sdb3   8:19   1   50M  0 part /root/Desktop/temp/ddtest/3

It also works with Windows tools such as Rufus...


Or Win32 Disk Imager, but only if the device exists under the drop button circled below


How the partitions look like under Windows Disk Management


Just to add, if you are having missing partition from Gparted you can try to zeroing the 1st sector of 512 bytes (MBR)

[root@localhost ddtest]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.00308483 s, 166 kB/s




Thursday, May 07, 2020

Nginx PHP-FPM setup under Kali Linux

leorick Thursday, May 07, 2020 , , No comments :
Another Nginx PHP-FPM setup post similar to previous post [ here ]

To start with, install Nginx...

root@kali:~# apt-get -y install nginx

Start Nginx

root@kali:~# service nginx start

Install PHP-FPM, note the version

root@kali:~# apt-get -y install php-fpm

Edit default configuration

root@kali:~# vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

Add index.php into server block

index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html index.php;

Add location block

location ~ \.php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
}

Restart Nginx

root@kali:~# service nginx restart

Edit php.ini, note the PHP-FPM version, add cgi.fix_pathinfo=0

root@kali:~# vi /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini

; cgi.fix_pathinfo provides *real* PATH_INFO/PATH_TRANSLATED support for CGI.  PHP's
; previous behaviour was to set PATH_TRANSLATED to SCRIPT_FILENAME, and to not grok
; what PATH_INFO is.  For more information on PATH_INFO, see the cgi specs.  Setting
; this to 1 will cause PHP CGI to fix its paths to conform to the spec.  A setting
; of zero causes PHP to behave as before.  Default is 1.  You should fix your scripts
; to use SCRIPT_FILENAME rather than PATH_TRANSLATED.
; http://php.net/cgi.fix-pathinfo
cgi.fix_pathinfo=0

Restart PHP-FPM

root@kali:~# service php7.3-fpm restart

Create a PHP test page "test.php" as content below and save it to /var/www/html/

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

run the PHP file = http://<your host>/test.php






Monday, April 20, 2020

Nginx PHP-FPM setup under Centos 7

leorick Monday, April 20, 2020 , , No comments :
Nginx (pronounced as Engine-X) is a web and reverse proxy server well known for its speed and capability to handle large number of requests

 While PHP-FPM (PHP-FastCGI process manager) is a common gateway interface between the web server and dynamic content serving programs. It listens on a port or socket and passes the request between the PHP and web server

 To start with, install Nginx...

 [root@localhost ~]# yum install nginx -y

 Start the service

 [root@localhost ~]# service nginx start

 Now test the Nginx by opening its default web page http://<your host>/

Find Nginx web directory by checking service status

 [root@localhost ~]# service nginx status

 Apr 20 20:42:56 localhost.localdomain nginx[5942]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok

Apr 20 20:42:56 localhost.localdomain nginx[5942]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

 Grep "root" from the "nginx.conf" file

 [root@localhost ~]# grep root /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
root         /usr/share/nginx/html;

 Create a PHP test page "test.php" as content below and save it to /usr/share/nginx/html/

 <?php
phpinfo();
?>

 Try to run the PHP file = http://<your host>/test.php

 As we know it won't parse. It will just download or show the PHP file content. This is expected since we didn't link Nginx with PHP-FPM yet.

 Install PHP-FPM

 [root@localhost ~]# yum install php-fpm -y

 Check the PHP-FPM installation

 [root@localhost ~]# service php-fpm status

 Locate the PHP=FPM "www.conf" file

 [root@localhost ~]# locate www.conf
/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

 Edit the "/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf" change listen ip:port to socket

 ; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests.
; Valid syntaxes are:
;   'ip.add.re.ss:port'    - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on
;                            a specific port;
;   'port'                 - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a
;                            specific port;
;   '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket.
; Note: This value is mandatory.
;listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen = /run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock

 Restart PHP-FPM

 [root@localhost ~]# service php-fpm restart

 Backup and edit /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
Under server scope {} block, add location scope {} block to enable PHP-FPM to parsePHP file

 server {
listen       80 default_server;
listen       [::]:80 default_server;
server_name  _;
root         /usr/share/nginx/html;

 # Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

 #location / {
#}

 location ~* \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock;
include         fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
}

 error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}

 error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}

}

 Make sure this line is pointing to correct Unix socket

 fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock;
Restart both Nginx and PHP-FPM

 [root@localhost ~]# service nginx restart
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart nginx.service

 [root@localhost ~]# service php-fpm restart
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart php-fpm.service

 Try to run the PHP file = http://<your host>/test.php again



x

Sunday, April 19, 2020

Minimal PHP/Apache Docker setup

leorick Sunday, April 19, 2020 , No comments :

Why Docker?

The portability of the containers, can be deployed anywhere
Efficient system resource usage compare to VM

How to Dockerize your php application?

Assuming your OS already have a good and working Docker installation
Let us use single page PHP applications below, index.php inside a webfolder directory
index.php content;

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

[root@localhost php_docker]# tree .
.
└── webfolder
└── index.php

Create a Dockerfile

Dockerfile in a list of instruction/command call to assemble the image

[root@localhost php_docker]# tree .
.
├── Dockerfile
└── webfolder
└── index.php

Content of the Dockerfile;

FROM php:7.4-apache
COPY webfolder/ /var/www/html/
EXPOSE 80

Explanation for each line

FROM php:7.4-apache
  • php:7.4-apache based image selection
COPY webfolder/ /var/www/html/
  • copy webfolder content into container /var/www/html/
  • Apache2 default web directory
EXPOSE 80
  • expose port 80 to the host
Next lets build the docker image

[root@localhost php_docker]# docker build --rm -t myphpdocker .

docker build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -
--rm = Remove intermediate containers after a successful build
-t = Name and optionally a tag in the 'name:tag' format
myphpdocker = docker container name
. (single dot) = build path

Check the built image

[root@localhost php_docker]# docker image ls

REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
myphpdocker         latest              0c1fe5b1aa9e        47 minutes ago      414 MB

Next is to run the docker

docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE[:TAG|@DIGEST] [COMMAND] [ARG...]
-t = Allocate a pseudo-TTY
-i = Keep STDIN open even if not attached
-it = For interactive processes (like a shell), you must use -i -t together
-p = Publish a container's port(s) to the host
-d = Run container in background and print container ID

Lets try the interactive mode first

[root@localhost php_docker]# docker run -p 80:80 -it myphpdocker

Apache log appear on the terminal.
Open your browser and head to "http:/<host ip>/"


Now try the detach mode

[root@localhost php_docker]# docker run -p 80:80 -d myphpdocker

Check the running container

[root@localhost php_docker]# docker ps

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                NAMES
4619304831d4        myphpdocker         "docker-php-entryp..."   6 seconds ago       Up 5 seconds        0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp   frosty_tesla

Wednesday, April 15, 2020

vLan on Realtek PCIe GBE Family

leorick Wednesday, April 15, 2020 , No comments :
Download "Diagnostic Program for Win7/Win8/Win10" and install

https://www.realtek.com/en/component/zoo/category/network-interface-controllers-10-100-1000m-gigabit-ethernet-pci-express-software


Select the Realtek NIC > VLAN and add accordingly
Subscribe to: Posts ( Atom )